Two of these types of synovial joints-ball-and-socket and hinge joints-are particularly key for understanding limb movements. ![]() Synovial joints can be further subdivided into six types, named according to their shape. Synovial joints are particularly important for large body movements. With synovial joints, the adjacent bones are connected indirectly with a sleevelike structure of fibrous tissue (the joint capsule) and strong bands of fibrous tissue (the ligaments). Synovial fluid has a consistency similar to egg white and is important for joint lubrication. In contrast to fibrous and cartilaginous joints, synovial joints actually have a small space between the adjacent bones, called a joint cavity, that contains synovial fluid. With cartilaginous joints, the adjacent bones are directly linked with cartilage, such as occurs in the spine, where the bodies of adjacent vertebrae are connected with an intervertebral disc as shown in figure 2.3, page 12. With fibrous joints, the adjacent bones are directly linked with fibrous tissue, such as the sutures of the skull. There are three major types of joints: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. Different types of joints have different movement potential, and standardized terminology is used to describe the movements that are possible at a given joint. The way bones connect and the shapes of the surfaces that come together are used to classify joints into specific types. The bones described in chapter 2 (figure 2.1, page 10) connect to form joints. The chapter concludes with an explanation of the format used to describe the mat exercises and summary recommendations for beginning the mat work. We will describe the principles of how muscles work to produce isolated and complex full-body movements and present a simple schema that can be used to analyze the mat exercises. ![]() While chapter 2 focused on the spine, this chapter will add the movements and muscles of the major joints of the upper and lower extremities. U nderstanding the muscles that are working in a given mat exercise will help you apply the Pilates foundation principles discussed in chapter 1 and the alignment principles discussed in chapter 2.
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